作品解读 | 对北荷兰循环农业的可能性进行的深度景观空间探索

完成循环？：北荷兰循环农业的可能性

Completing the cycle?: Opportunities for circular agriculture in North Holland

Studio Marco Vermeule

PART1

背景介绍

Impression of a possible future of circular agriculture in the top op of North Holland.

北荷兰省北部地区循环农业的可能未来印象。

The need to reorganize our food system is evident. In addition, circular agriculture is being put forward by more and more parties as a beckoning perspective. Circular agriculture produces as little waste as possible, the emission of harmful substances is as small as possible and raw materials and end products are used with as few losses as possible. Circular agriculture is also on the administrative and policy agenda in North Holland. That is why the Provincial Advisor Spatial Quality (PARK) has commissioned Studio Marco Vermeulen and Het PON & Telos to carry out a spatial exploration into the opportunities for circular agriculture in North Holland.

重组我们的农业和粮食系统的必要性是显而易见的。此外，越来越多的各方将循环农业视为诱人的发展方向。循环农业尽量少产生废弃物，尽量少排放有害物质，尽量减少原材料和最终产品的使用损失。循环农业也在北荷兰省的行政和政策议程上。这就是为什么省级顾问空间质量(PARK)委托Marco Vermeulen工作室和Het PON & Telos对北荷兰循环农业的可能性进行空间探索。

PART2

项目要点

Kansen voor kringlooplandbouw in Noord-Holland in beeld

北荷兰循环农业的机会成为焦点

De doelstellingen achter kringlooplandbouw kunnen immers langs essentieel verschillende wegen worden gerealiseerd, variërend van intensief tot extensief, van klein naar groot, van low-tech tot high-tech. Waar de een vooral denkt aan landbouw uit de tijd van Ot en Sien heeft de ander hypermoderne en technologische vormen van landbouw voor ogen die slimmer omgaan met bodem, nergiestromen en reststoffen. Op basis van zogenaamde 'landbouwtegels' worden bij de bodem passende vormen van (kringloop)landbouw gevisualiseerd. Aan de hand van deze bouwstenen werd vervolgens voor zowel de Kop van Noord-Holland als Laag-Holland, een prikkelend ontwikkelingsperspectief geschetst en in beeld gebracht hoe een toekomstig kringlooplandbouwlandschap er uit kan zien. Tot slot dragen we een drietal suggesties en aanbevelingen aan om het gat tussen korte termijn acties en lange termijn doelen te overbruggen.

毕竟，循环农业背后的目标可以通过不同的方式实现，从集约到粗放，从小到大，从低技术到高科技。虽然一个人主要想到的是Ot和Sien时代的农业，但另一个人想到的是超现代和技术形式的农业，可以更智能地处理土壤、能量流和剩余材料。在所谓的“农业瓷砖”的基础上，可视化适合土壤的（循环）农业形式。在这些构建块的基础上，为Kop van Noord-Holland和Laag-Holland勾勒出令人振奋的发展前景，并形象化了未来的循环农业景观可能会是什么样子。最后，我们提出三点建议，以弥合短期行动与长期目标之间的差距。

“The latest forms of precision technology can link sustainable soil management and care for biodiversity with the pursuit of productivity and food quality.”

“最新形式的精密技术可以将可持续土壤管理和生物多样性保护与追求生产力和食品质量联系起来。”

New revolution in agriculture

农业新革命

Technology plays an important role in the transition to circular agriculture. In itself, the use of automation and technology in agriculture is nothing new. What is new is the way the technology is being used to tackle problems related to food disease and unstable weather patterns. The focus is increasingly on achieving the desired yields in an environmentally friendly way, i.e. with a reduction in chemicals. Advanced technology makes it possible to link the challenge of sustainable soil management and care for biodiversity with the pursuit of productivity and food quality. The latest forms of precision technology and pixel farming can reconcile both challenges. By means of technology (robotics, drones) and data systems, it is also possible to realize scale reduction in a landscape sense within the current business conditions of scaling up and intensifying.

技术在向循环农业过渡中发挥着重要作用。就其本身而言，在农业中使用自动化和技术并不是什么新鲜事。新的是该技术被用于解决与食源性疾病和不稳定天气模式相关的问题的方式。人们越来越关注以环境友好的方式实现所需的产量，即减少化学品的使用。将可持续土壤管理和生物多样性保护的挑战与追求生产力和食品质量联系起来——这在先进的技术下成为可能。最新形式的精密技术和像素农业可以解决这两个挑战。借助技术（机器人、无人机）和数据系统，也可以在当前规模化、集约化的商业条件下，实现景观意义上的规模缩减。

We can't go back to the past. But with the help of advanced technology, we can "forward to the past". Without detracting from the requirements of productivity and food quality, a richer landscape with better soil quality and more biodiversity can be created within the landscape framework of polders, reclaimed land and peat meadows.

我们不能回到过去。但借助先进技术，我们可以“前进到过去”。在不影响生产力和食品质量要求的情况下，可以在圩田、围海造地和泥炭草甸的景观框架内创造出更丰富的景观、更好的土壤质量和更多的生物多样性。

Circular agriculture in practice

循环农业实践

Eighteen different farming building blocks

十八种不同的农业组件

If we translate the (working) definition of circular agriculture into agricultural practice in Noord-Holland, the concrete principles are the following: ensuring a living soil, combating soil compaction, linking residual flows, the right place for the right crop, resilient crops and green-blue veining. For every form of agriculture (forestry, arable farming, livestock, greenhouse horticulture, etc.) these principles provide a range of possible forms of circular agriculture; 'agricultural tiles'. From a circular perspective, new forms of arable farming are discussed: broad crop rotation, pixel agriculture and strip cultivation.

如果我们将循环农业的（工作）定义转化为北荷兰省的农业实践，具体原则如下：确保土壤有活力、防止土壤板结、连接剩余水流、合适作物的合适地点、弹性作物和绿道蓝网。对于每一种农业形式（林业、耕作、畜牧业、温室园艺等），这些原则提供了一系列可能的循环农业形式：“农业瓷砖”。从循环的角度，探讨新的耕作形式：大面积轮耕、像素农业和带状种植。

An overwhelming palette

一种压倒性的组合

The building blocks for circular agriculture can be linked to the diversity of soil types available in the province. The soil type largely determines what is possible in an agricultural and spatial sense and what is not. In the light of the transition to a circular economy and the challenges posed by the climate challenge, there is a growing demand for the soil and water system to be (again) leading in spatial planning instead of following (function follows bottom and level, and not the other way around).

循环农业的组件可以与该省土壤类型的多样性联系起来。土壤类型在很大程度上决定了在农业和空间意义上什么是可能实现的，什么是不可能的。鉴于向循环经济的过渡和气候带来的挑战，越来越需要水土系统（再次）引领而非跟随空间规划（功能应跟随本质和层级，而不是相反）。

With the soil as the basis, various forms of circular agriculture in North Holland are conceivable. Salt-tolerant crops do well on peat and clay soil, while sustainable bulb cultivation is really only suitable on sandy soil. The combination of soil types with the building blocks for circular agriculture results in a new legend of the agricultural landscape in North Holland. This special palette of sustainable and circular land use forms also provides a new landscape expression.

以土壤为基础，北荷兰的各种形式的循环农业是可以想象的。耐盐作物在泥炭和粘土上生长良好，而可持续鳞茎种植实际上只适用于沙质土壤。土壤类型与循环农业的组件相结合，创造了北荷兰农业景观的新传奇。这些特殊的可持续和循环利用土地的形式也提供了一种新的景观表达方式。

“Circular agriculture, in which raw materials, energy, water and waste cycles are closed as much as possible, is growing into the landscape foundation on which Noord-Holland prepares itself for the future.”

“循环农业（其中原材料、能源、水和废物循环尽可能封闭）正在成长为北荷兰为未来做准备的景观基础。”

PART3

展望

Future strategy per area

每个区域的未来战略

Future strategy per area: The north of the province

每个区域的未来战略：省北部Kop van Noord-Holland

Future strategy per area: Low lying part of the province

每个区域的未来战略：该省的低洼地区Laag-Holland

The building blocks for circular agriculture form the basis for a beckoning spatial perspective for the clay polders in the Kop van Noord-Holland and the peat meadows in Laag-Holland. These two areas each have their own agricultural signature and specific challenges in terms of soil vitality, circularity and climate adaptation.

循环农业的组件作为基础，为Kop van Noord-Holland的粘土圩田和Laag-Holland的泥炭草甸构成了令人向往的空间视角。这两个区域在土壤活力、循环性和气候适应方面都具有自己的农业特征和具体挑战。

In contrast to the highly productive arable and horticultural farming for the world market in the fertile polder landscapes of the Kop van Noord-Holland, dairy farming on grassland in the smaller-scale and wet peat meadow landscapes of Laag-Holland.

在Kop van Noord-Holland肥沃的圩田景观中，是面向世界市场的高产耕地和园艺农业。而在Laag-Holland较小规模和潮湿的泥炭草甸景观中，是在草地上进行的奶牛养殖。

The starting point for the area perspectives is the ambition to make the agricultural economy of Noord-Holland fully circular. Conventional agriculture, intensive arable farming with a mixed farm here and there, will gradually change color in the area perspectives we have developed on the way to 2050.

地区视角的出发点是实现北荷兰农业经济完全循环的雄心。到2050年，我们制定的区域视角将逐渐改变传统农业、集约化耕作和混合农场。

Precision production polder as a future perspective

未来展望的精密生产圩田

The polders in the Kop van Noord-Holland are rugged agricultural landscapes in one piece. Some polders, such as the Wieringermeer, are designed as a whole: a well-functioning, coherent system of drainage through canals and ditches, with an efficient allotment structure and an open landscape framed by dikes. The landscape in the Kop van Noord-Holland is dominated by large-scale arable farming and horticulture, including potatoes and sugar beet.

Kop van Noord-Holland的圩田是一片崎岖的农业景观。如Wieringermeer的一些圩田被设计为一个整体：具有由水道和沟渠组成的功能良好、连贯的排水系统，还有高效的分配结构和由堤坝围成的开放景观。Kop van Noord-Holland的景观以大规模耕作和园艺为主，包括种植土豆和甜菜。

To keep the consequences of salinization and desiccation and the vulnerability of monocultures manageable, a transition in management and use of the Kop van Noord-Holland will be necessary. The approach to soil vitality and biodiversity will strongly influence the operational management of arable farming and horticulture. The beckoning future perspective is that of a production polder, in which precision agriculture is practiced on a large scale to close cycles and strengthen soil vitality and biodiversity.

为了使盐碱化和干燥的后果以及单一栽培的脆弱性可控，有必要对Kop van Noord-Holland的管理和使用进行过渡。土壤活力和生物多样性的处理方法将极大地影响耕作和园艺的运营管理。诱人的未来前景是在生产圩田中大规模实施精准农业，以封闭循环并增强土壤活力和生物多样性。

The image arises of a production polder where high-tech farmers use technological innovations (drones, field robots, etc.) for their crops. The empty and monotonous arable land gradually changes into a differentiated landscape where mixed forms and combinations of functions predominate. Production takes place for the world market. Smart combinations with urban VGF and waste flows enable a new type of mixed activity, in which organic matter from urban flows keeps the sandy clay polders vital.

上图出现在一个生产圩田，高科技农民使用技术创新（无人机、田间机器人等）种植农作物。空旷单调的耕地逐渐转变为以混合形式和功能组合为主的差异化景观。这片圩田为世界市场生产。圩田与城市有机垃圾和废物流的巧妙组合实现了一种新型的混合作用，其中城市流中的有机物使沙质粘土圩田保持活力。

“The use of local, locally grown (agricultural) building materials also gives the transition to circular agriculture a cultural dimension, which helps to provide the New Deal between agriculture and society with meaning.”

“使用当地种植的（农业）建筑材料也为向循环农业的过渡赋予了文化维度，这有助于为农业与社会之间的新政提供意义。”

Wide wetlands as a future perspective

未来展望的广阔湿地

The landscape of Laag-Holland is characterized by the peat meadow areas on the one hand and the reclaimed land on the other. Dairy farming is the most common form of agriculture in the peat meadow areas. Within the reclaimed land (Schermer, Beemster, Purmer), in addition to dairy farming on the clay soils, arable farming, vegetable and bulb cultivation (traveling bulb stalls) also take place. Due to their proximity to the Amsterdam metropolis, they are responding to the needs of urban consumers for regional and healthy food with short-chain initiatives, among other things.

Laag-Holland的景观特点是一方面是泥炭草甸区，另一方面是围海造地。奶牛养殖是泥炭草甸地区最常见的农业形式。在围海造地（Schermer、Beemster、Purmer）内，除了在粘土上进行奶牛养殖外，还进行耕作、蔬菜和球茎种植（移动球茎摊位）。由于靠近阿姆斯特丹大都市，他们正在通过短链举措等来满足城市消费者对地区性健康食品的需求。

In order to keep the consequences of the irreversible process of peat subsidence manageable, a transition in management and use of Laag-Holland will eventually be necessary. Wetting of the area (raising the water level) has consequences for the operational management of dairy farming. The perspective is that of a wide wetland landscape, in which wet forms of agriculture will play a greater role in parts of the area. In some subareas (ie not everywhere) dairy farming will disappear and make way for a different type of agriculture, with various crops on wet peat soils.

为了使泥炭沉降的不可逆转过程的后果保持可控，最终有必要对Laag-Holland的管理和使用进行过渡。该地区的加湿（提高水位）会对奶牛养殖的运营管理产生影响。前景是广阔的湿地景观，其中湿式农业将在该地区的部分区域发挥更大的作用。在某些子区域（即并非所有地方），奶牛养殖业将消失并为不同类型的农业让路，在潮湿的泥炭土壤上种植各种作物。

The image is created of an aquatic metropolitan landscape where extensive forms of livestock farming are combined with peat meadow farmers who introduce wet crops (cultivation of wet raw materials and fodder crops), urban farmers connect the city with the rural area and new forms of aquatic nature arise. It is an alternately open and sheltered (partly bushy) landscape that simultaneously functions as a park for the Amsterdam metropolis. It is interspersed with a network of walking and cycling paths. Visitors, residents and tourists buy directly from the farmer and help with the harvest.

上图是一个水生大都市景观，其中广泛的畜牧业形式与引入湿作物（湿原料和饲料作物的种植）的泥炭草甸农民相结合，城市农民将城市与农村联系起来，产生新形式的水生自然。这是一个交替开放和阴蔽（部分灌木茂密）的景观，同时作为阿姆斯特丹大都市的公园。它散布着步行和自行车道网络。游客、居民和游客直接从农民那里直接购买作物并帮助收割。

This research shows that the added benefits of closing the cycle between city and countryside is a more attractive, more biodiverse and also more productive landscape.

这项研究表明，封闭城乡之间的循环所带来的额外好处是一个更具吸引力、更具生物多样性和生产力的景观。

Closing cycles

逐渐闭合的循环

The interaction between the subareas; The north of Noord-Holland supplies food for the MRA region, which in turn supplies green residual flows to the agricultural land to keep the soil fertile and healthy.

子区域之间的互动；北荷兰省北部为阿姆斯特丹大都会地区提供食物，而后者又为农田提供绿色剩余流量，以保持土壤肥沃和健康。

The smart interweaving of the raw material, energy, water and waste cycles on a provincial scale could well provide the foundation on which Noord-Holland prepares itself for the future. In other words: the cycle between the two area transitions can contribute to completing the circle at provincial level. This research shows that the by-catch of closing the cycle between city and countryside is a more attractive, more biodiverse and also more productive landscape.

原材料、能源、水和废物循环在省级范围内的巧妙交织可以很好地为北荷兰省的未来发展奠定基础。换句话说：两个区域过渡之间的循环有助于完成省级循环。这项研究表明，封闭城乡之间循环的额外好处是一个更有吸引力、生物多样性和生产力更高的景观。

In the outlined area perspectives for circular agriculture in the Kop van Noord-Holland and Laag-Holland, a radical transition to a different use and management of the soil is central. The soil (and the water system) forms the basis on which new forms of circular agriculture are grafted: adapted dairy farming, wet crops and water farmers in the peat meadows, high-tech farmers, mixed farmers and biodiverse arable farmers in the sandy clay polders. The empty and monotonous arable land in the Kop van Noord-Holland gradually changes into a differentiated landscape where mixed forms and function combinations predominate, while the characteristic peat meadow polders in Laag-Holland gradually transform into a more aquatic metropolitan landscape.

在Kop van Noord-Holland和Laag-Holland循环农业的概述区域前景中，向不同的土壤使用和管理的快速转变是核心。土壤（和水系统）构成了新形式循环农业嫁接的基础：泥炭草地上的适应性奶牛养殖、湿作物和水农；沙质粘土圩田中的高科技农民、混合农民和生物多样性耕种农民。Kop van Noord-Holland空旷单调的耕地逐渐转变为以混合形式和功能组合为主的差异化景观，而Laag-Holland特色的泥炭草甸圩田逐渐转变为更加水生的都市景观。

翻译：张喆茗

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