建筑师扬·盖尔：如何重建乌克兰？

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FOREWORD:

丹麦建筑师、城市设计师扬·盖尔先生在其六十几年的职业生涯中，致力于将“Making cities for people 打造人性化城市”的人文主义城市规划理念，传达给世界各地的人们。

世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum)发布了对扬·盖尔先生就 “如何重建乌克兰”为主题的采访视频。扬·盖尔先生在采访中表达，重建需修正二战后大规模快速建设中很少考虑人们需求的失误，需重新重视城市空间的重要性，并强调将可持续材料放在首位。在扬·盖尔先生所设想的重建愿景中，大量的建筑将会由木材建造。他呼吁各界为重建一个更可持续、更宜居的乌克兰贡献力量。本文整理并翻译于此次采访内容。

©World Economic Forum

Making cites more healthy, sustainable and people focused

| "人文主义"城市规划意味着让城市更加健康、可持续和以人为本

扬·盖尔：

我将非常强烈地建议，在重建中，要注重为人们提供良好的空间，因为这正是现代主义者所遗忘的。我能理解当下首要问题是能够坚持下去以及修复。但我认为利用这个机会来重新思考，并对未来设下目标和愿景是非常重要的。I will recommend very strongly in the reconstruction that you focus on nice spaces for people, because that was exactly what the modernist forgot. I can understand that it is the first concern to be able to carry on and repair. But I think it’s so obvious to use this opportunity to rethink. And have some goals and visions for the future.

而所有的城市，也包括乌克兰的所有城市，都可以通过各种方式进行改善。其中许多改善方式将会以低成本实现，并将在未来的岁月里为当下及后代提供更好的生活质量。And all cities, also all cities in Ukraine, can be improved in various ways. Many of this ways will be very cheap to achieve, but will give a better quality of life for all generations, for years to come.

©gehl architects

Correcting post-World War Two blunders in architecture

| 纠正二战后建筑方面的失误

扬·盖尔：

当然，在乌克兰的建筑群中，有大量来自苏联时期的遗产。有许多用混凝土建造的现代主义房区，也许隔热性能很差，也许位置不好，环境非常粗糙，没有人情味。Of course, there is an enormous heritage from Soviet days in the building stock in Ukraine. There are many of these modernistic housing areas with concrete blocks, maybe poorly insulated, maybe poorly placed and very rough, unhuman environments.

在西方世界，我们现在正迅速地试图改善和修复这样的建筑环境。拆掉一些街区，在大建筑之间建造更小的建筑，因为这些大建筑不符合人类的尺度，周围没有让人感觉亲近和迷人的空间。In the Western world, we are now rapidly trying to improve and repair these areas, taking down some of the blocks and building smaller buildings in between the big buildings because the were out of human scale and there were no intimate and charming spaces around there.

乌克兰哈尔科夫市的苏式住宅楼©istock photo

More trees, gradens and playgounds in redefining space in cites

| 重新定义城市空间，更多树木、公园和运动场

扬·盖尔：

如果我们看一下城市的肌理，比如乌克兰首都基辅，在过去，我们总是让城市由空间组成。所有的城市都是由街道和广场组成的。而所有的建筑都强调街道和广场的重要性。If we look at the city fabric of any city, could be Kyiv, in old days we always made cites made of spaces. All cites were made up of streets and squares. And all the buildings were addressing the streets and squares.

所有新的东西，现代主义的东西，苏联时期的建筑遗产，它们是没有空间的，它们是物体的堆积。而我们发现人们喜爱空间, 人们需要空间。All the new stuff, the modernistic stuff, the heritage from the soviet time, they are without of spaces and they are full of objects. And we found people love spaces. They need spaces.

大雪覆盖下的基辅市中心 © iEfrem Lukatsky/AP

Sustainable materials must come first

| 可持续建材排在首位

扬·盖尔：

我的设想是，大量的重建建筑将会采用木材，因为现在我们的世界正在改变中，越来越多的新建筑采用木材建造。木材是非常可持续的,它可以再次生长。当木建筑的寿命结束时，你可以重新使用木材，或者你可以用烧掉的方式处理它们，而混凝土建筑却无法如此。My vision is that a lot of the rebuilding will be in wood. Because now we are also in other parts of the world changing into building more and more new buildings in wood. Because wood is very sustainable. It can grow again. And when the building’s life is over you can reuse the wood or you can burn the wood, you can get rid of it as opposed to concrete.

Now is the time to start planning a new future for Ukraine

| 现在是开始为乌克兰规划新未来的时候了

扬·盖尔：

在1944年，第二次世界大战中期伦敦就着手制定了新伦敦的规划。尽可能地协助乌克兰，让乌克兰摆脱这种局面是全欧洲及欧洲专家们的责任。现在是聚集最聪明的人才，一起开始为乌克兰规划一个新未来的时候了。In London they made the plan for the new London in 1944 in the middle of Second World War. It’s a responsibility to all of Europe and all the professional of Europe to assist Ukraine as best as we can with getting Ukraine out of this situation. Now is the time for the best minds to come together to start planning a new future for Ukraine.