独家专访 |世界之最背后的奥地利 WIEHAG

What's Next in Wood Design and Sustainability

来自奥地利的 WIEHAG 木建筑工程公司已经拥有约170年的历史，自从1849年创业以来，这个家族企业一直对木材工程的发展产生了重大影响, 在工程专业知识、木结构建筑示范和可持续性方面一直是行业先锋。WIEHAG 曾多次与国际公认的著名建筑师和普利兹克奖获得者合作，其中包括Norman Foster, Rogers, Stirk, Harbour & Partner, Coop Himmelblau,隈研吾和伊东丰雄。在WIEHAG 的木结构工程技术支持下，建筑师们的理念得以实现。

1964年世界博览会装配式木结构奥地利国家馆 © WIEHAG

上世纪80年代以来，奥地利木结构工程公司 WIEHAG 开始挑战高层木建筑，随着澳大利亚布里斯班K5大楼、亚洲最大的木制建筑新加坡南洋理工大学南区学术楼、今夏开幕的“木构童话”丹麦安徒生博物馆以及最近刷新世界最高木构建筑纪录的美国密尔沃基 Ascent 大厦的建成，WIEHAG 在不断挑战世界之最木构难题的过程中，证明了自己在木结构工程领域的世界先锋地位。国际木建筑媒体 Design Warehouse 采访了 WIEHAG 国际项目负责人 Johannes Rebhahn 先生，为大家分享这些项目背后的木构故事。

专访 木结构工程 WIEHAG

Johannes Rebhahn 先生

WIEHAG 国际木结构项目负责人

木结构工程领域20年工作经验

D|W：您觉得 WIEHAG 是欧洲还是世界最先锋木结构工程公司之一？您可以介绍一下 WIEHAG 的发展理念吗？Would you say that WIEHAG is one of the most pioneering wood engineering companies in Europe or in the world? Can you tell us about WIEHAG's development concept?

J.R ：我觉得我们称得上是全球最先锋木结构工程公司之一。因为早在 1966 年我们就建造出欧洲最大的、跨度近 100 米的弧形大梁胶合木展览大厅，也就是奥地利克拉根福展览中心，在当时是一项令人难以置信的技术成就。当前，我们完成交付了位于美国密尔沃基的高达 86.6 米的世界最高木结构建筑项目 Ascent 大厦，以及亚洲最大木结构项目新加坡南洋理工大学项目。I would say we are one of the world's most pioneering timber engineering firms, as we built the largest glued laminated timber hall, Klagenfurt Exhibition Hall, in Europe back in 1966. At the time, construction of the arched-girder hall with a span of almost 100 m represented an incredible technical and organisational achievement. Currently, we delivered world's tallest wood-structure building, the 86.6 meter tall Ascent Building in Milwaukee, USA, and the largest wood-structure project in Asia, which is NTU Singapore project.

Ascent 大厦 © Thornton Tomasetti

虽然 WIEHAG 在木建筑行业是老牌公司，但我们一直没有停止追求最新、质量最高的技术。过去，材料上采用实木，技术上设计师或工程师只依赖 2D 设计。现在，我们现在已经把材料全部改为高科技工程木材，如胶合木和 CLT。同时，设计的软件也改为用 3D 这样更准确更先进的软件。无论是过去还是现在，我们一直都尽力提供最优良同时也最能保证可持续发展的解决方案。Since the creation of WIEHAG , our technology has always been at the forefront of the industry. Of course, there are still some differences between the past and the present. In terms of material, we used to use solid wood, and in terms of technology, designers or engineers relied only on 2D designs. But now, since the creation of compressed wood technology such as glugam, we have now changed all our materials to high-tech wood, and at the same time, the software for design has been changed to use more accurate and advanced software like 3D. We have always tried to provide our customers with the best and most sustainable solutions, both in the past and in the present.

Ascent 大厦使用工程木在其奥地利工厂制造 © WIEHAG

和其他同类型木建筑企业相比，WIEHAG 拥有自己的企业内部实验室，无论项目的要求有多么不符合常规，我们都愿意去不断尝试，直到找出解决方案，让所有不可能都成为可能。尽管说到木建筑，许多人都想到北欧企业，但论建筑经验，尤其是大型木建筑项目，我们更胜一筹。靠着那么多年行业经验加持，我们已经和客户形成良好的沟通与信任关系，只要有大型复杂的木建筑项目，他们一定会想到我们的专业和效率。 Compared to other wood construction companies in the same category, WIEHAG has its own in-house laboratory, and no matter how unconventional the client's requirements are, we are willing to keep trying until we find a solution that makes the impossible possible. Although many people think of Scandinavian companies when it comes to wood construction, we have a lot more experience in construction, especially in large scale wood construction projects. With so many years of experience in the industry, we have formed good communication and trust with our customers, and whenever there is a large or complex wood construction project, they will definitely think of our professionalism and efficiency.

Ascent 大厦 © WIEHAG

Ascent 大厦项目高达 86.6 米，被认为是目前全球最高木结构项目。该创新建筑项目的技术和专业知识都来自奥地利 WIEHAG。Ascent 大厦的梁和柱子在奥地利的WIEHAG工厂预先生产的，并以单独的部件运输到美国现场完成施工建造。由于采用了预制的木材部件，在美国的纯施工时间可以减少约25%，节省了施工现场的成本。

业主：New Land LLP & Wiechmann

建筑事务所：Korb + Associates Architects

木结构： WIEHAG

高度： 86.6米，共25层（木结构18层，混凝土7层）

胶合木用量：2200 m³

施工时间：2020年8月 - 2022年8月

建筑师 Wood For Future

D|W：WIEHAG 曾经与许多国际知名建筑师合作过，其中最具挑战的项目是哪一个？You have cooperated with many internationally recognised star architects，what was the most challenging project?

J.R ：那应该是苏格兰麦卡伦威士忌蒸馏厂项目。麦卡伦的威士忌是世界上最贵的威士忌之一，我们为他们蒸馏厂建造了称得上“最复杂”的木结构屋顶。麦卡伦威士忌酿酒厂的设计是独一无二的。其核心是由五个并排的圆顶组成的木制屋顶结构，带有一个悬垂的顶棚。四个同等高度的穹顶是生产设施。第五个较高的穹顶是一个带有平顶的展览区和游客中心。I would say that is Macallan whisky distiller project. Macallan's whisky is one of the most expensive whisky in the world and we built the "most complex" wooden structure roof for them. Macallan whisky distiller is a green domed roof structure that blends harmoniously into the hilly countryside of Scotland. The design for the distillery of renowned whisky producer "The Macallan" is unique. The centrepiece is the timber roof construction in the form of five side-by-side domes with an overhanging canopy. The four domes of equal height house the production facility. The fifth, higher dome houses an exhibition area with a flat roof and visitor centre. Not only architecturally is the distillery a masterpiece.

苏格兰麦卡伦威士忌蒸馏厂© WIEHAG

该酒厂不仅在建筑上是一个杰作，结构的规划和组装也需要有经验的木建筑公司的果敢、技术和解决问题的专业知识。该建筑由 1800 根单独的梁、2700 块屋顶板和38万个单独的部件组成。穹顶长 207 米，最高点 27 米。屋顶结构需要四个临时建筑支撑。这些都是使用块状结合的胶合木解决方案建造的。Planning and assembly of the structure also called for courage, know-how and the problem-solving expertise of an experienced timber construction company. The building consists of 1,800 individual beams, 2,700 roof panels and 380,000 individual components. The dome roof is 207 metres long and 27 metres high at its highest point. Four temporary building supports were required for the roof structure. These were constructed using a block-bonded glued laminated timber solution.

复杂的几何形状的参数化设计© WIEHAG

每一个构件都需要精确设计© WIEHAG

100个不同的连接件 © WIEHAG

D|W：关于丹麦的安徒生博物馆项目，为什么说建筑师隈研吾的设计极具挑战性呢？Anderson musuem in denmark , what was so demanding from the Japanese architect Kengo Kuma?

J.R ：日本明星建筑师隈研吾也曾设计过东京奥林匹克体育场，他因努力用自然材料替代混凝土而闻名。因此，他在H.C.安徒生博物馆的新建筑中主要使用木材，使这个童话般的木结构建筑具有完美的形状。Japanese star architect, Kengo Kuma, who also designed the Olympic Stadium In Tokyo, is known for his efforts to replace concrete with alternative materials. It was therefore not surprising that he uses mainly timber in the new building of the H.C. Andersen Museum to give this fairytale landscape the perfect shape.

博物馆木结构入口© Rasmus Hjortshøj

木材结构的灵感来自于历史上的半木结构房屋。在不同的层面上，有几个圆形的建筑，在老城区的中间创造了一个主题公园，来自世界各地的游客可以在这里游玩。木材和玻璃的外墙同时具有传统和现代的特点。博物馆被嵌入一个大型的 "神奇 "花园中，从而使安徒生故事中的场景变得栩栩如生。The timber construction was inspired by historical half-timbered houses. On different levels with several circular buildings, a theme park was created in the middle of the old town, where visitors from all over the world can be enchanted. The timber and glass façades are traditional and modern at the same time.The museum was embedded in a large "magical" garden, thereby making the settings of Andersen's tales come to life.

云杉、落叶松多种木材在此项目中相遇 © Rasmus Hjortshøj

D|W：您是如何看待“建筑师具备将木建筑推向未来的力量"？How do you see "the power of architects to drive the development of wood frame architecture"?

J.R ：建筑师的确具备这样的力量，行内的许多变革都是由建筑师前卫的理念而推动的。对于 WIEHAG，我们既喜欢和国际知名建筑师合作，尤其是那些欣赏与相信木建筑可能性的建筑师。同时，我们也喜欢那些初出茅庐，却又带着点“天真”想法的建筑师。他们的设计很大胆，不知天高地厚，但正是这样的天真，间接推动了木建筑的发展，让我们知道更多的可能性。我们非常愿意帮助这些建筑师实现他们的梦想。Architects do have the power, and many changes in the industry are driven by the avant-garde ideas of architects. At WIEHAG we like to work with internationally renowned architects, especially those who appreciate and believe in the possibilities of wood architecture. At the same time, we also like architects who are new to the field, but with a bit of "naivety". Their designs are bold and uninformed, but it is this naivety that indirectly pushes the development of wood architecture and shows us more possibilities. We would love to help these architects realise their dreams.

工程木 Wood For Future

D|W：与诺曼-福斯特建筑事务所合作的伦敦跨铁路站，为什么被称为木材工程的最佳实践？其中的独特之处在哪儿呢？？Crossrail Station London cooperated with Norman Foster Architects , why was it called the best practise in timber engineering? what makes it so unique?

J.R ：伦敦跨铁路站于伦敦北码头,是一个完全浸没在水中的车站，是连接金丝雀码头区和北部白杨区的纽带。这其中最大的挑战是，车站必须位于水位以下 18 米处，承受上方 Crossrail Place 开发项目的重量，并且要足够坚固，能够承受船舶的冲击。屋顶必须是轻盈的，以避免增加不必要的重量，但也要为位于顶层的公共屋顶花园提供庇护。The fully submerged station is located in the North Dock, serving as a link between the Canary Wharf Estate and Poplar to the north. The challenge: The station had to lie 18 metres below the water level, take the weight of the Crossrail Place development above it and be robust enough to withstand the impact of ships. The roof had to be light and airy to avoid adding unnecessary weight, but also provide shelter for the public rooftop garden located on the top floor.

300米长的木结构建造车站屋顶© WIEHAG

在 WIEHAG 奥地利 Altheim 先进的制造厂里，1000 立方米来自当地可持续发展林业的 PEFC 认证的木材被加工成 1414 根木梁。2014年3月，经过 6 个月的生产阶段，这些随时可以组装的独立部件被组装成 300 米长的屋顶结构。金丝雀码头站的基础设施和整个 Crossrail 线路于 2018 年完工。1,000 cubic metres of PEFC-certified timber from local, sustainable forestry were processed into 1,414 wooden beams at the state-of-the-art manufacturing plant in Altheim. In March 2014, after a six-month production phase, the ready-to-assemble individual parts were assembled into a 300-metre long roof structure. The infrastructure of the Canary Wharf station and the entire Crossrail line were completed in 2018.

D|W：WIEHAG 在高层木建筑上积累了丰富经验，是否可以结合即将落成的新加坡南洋理工大学项目，介绍一下关于这幢建筑物背后鲜有人知的一面？本项目应用了哪些特殊的木质构件产品，在疫情延误运输的情况下，是如何实现快速预制和安装的？Can you talk about the NTU building in Singapore regarding what is the secret of making high rise timber building possible? What special timber component products were applied to this project and how was the rapid prefabrication and installation achieved despite the epidemic's delayed transportation?

J.R ：六层高的 "南区学术楼 "将是亚洲最大的木材建筑，共使用 13,000 立方米的胶合木和CLT。在质量和信任是最重要决策标准的大型项目中，WIEHAG 在竞选中脱颖而出，承担了这座木建筑的制作。约 6000 立方米的胶合木用于 1900根支撑柱和 1660 根横梁，包括预装的紧固件，用 200 个集装箱从奥地利 Altheim 运到新加坡。The six-storey "Academic Building South" will be the largest timber building in Asia with a total of 13,000 m³ of GLT and CLT. As is so often the case in large projects where quality and trust are the most important decision criteria, WIEHAG was selected once again. Around 6000 m³ of glued laminated timber for 1,900 support columns and 1,660 beams, including preassembled fasteners, were shipped from Altheim to Singapore in 200 containers.

建造这个项目比原来计划花费了更长时间，首先是疫情，运输的船上爆发了两次感染，船员被迫就地隔离，然后是苏伊士运河堵塞，一再延迟。这个项目预计会在今年秋天完工。‍Building the project has taken longer than originally planned, starting with the epidemic, which saw two outbreaks of infection on the ships transported and forced the crews to quarantine in place, and then the blockage happened in Suez Canal which delayed even further. Fortunately, this project will be completed this fall.

对于这样在异地建筑的项目，我们所有的建筑在运输前都已经组装好，等到了目的地和当地的施工队伍拼装就完工。新加坡的这个项目从开始到完工预计只需半年时间，要是同类型的建筑物类型，用钢筋水泥材料起码需要一年或者更多的时间。使用木建筑以及我们的这样提前组装的方法，大大节省了建筑时间。新加坡这个项目是我们在亚洲的第一次尝试。我们也希望未来有机会能踏足中国市场。For a project like this, which is being built off-site, all of our buildings are assembled before shipping and completed when we arrive at the destination and assemble with the local construction team. This project in Singapore is expected to take only six months from start to finish, whereas for the same type of building, it would take at least a year or more with steel and concrete. Using wood construction and our advance assembly method like this saves a lot of time in construction. This project in Singapore is our first attempt in Asia. We also hope to have the opportunity to set foot in the Chinese market in the future.

可持续 Wood For Future

D|W：WIEHAG 的胶合木工厂已经通过生物质能实现了能源自给自足，甚至可以将剩余的能源卖给电网，此外，WIEHAG 还有一个新的绿色工厂和一个新的生物质能发电厂正在建设中。背后的原因是什么？投资回报如何？Your current GLT factory have achieved energy self-sufficient via biomass and even can sell rest to grid, Besides, you have a new green factocy and a new bio-mass power plant in the progress. What the reason behind？What is the return on investment?

J.R ：早在1938年，WIEHAG 就用木材发电和供热，那时候采用自给自足能源模式，主要是因为当时处于二战前夕，工厂不知道电源什么时候会因为战争而被切断。为了保险起见，我们只能生产自己的能源。WIEHAG has been generating electricity and heat from wood since 1938, when the self-sufficient energy model was adopted, mainly because it was on the eve of World War II and the plant did not know when the power supply would be cut off due to the war. To be on the safe side, we had to produce our own energy.

WIEHAG 的新能源概念旨在确保尽可能高的电力自给率。为此，我们正在新大厅的屋顶上建造一个光伏系统，面积约为 6000 平方米，输出功率约为 1 MW 。在奥地利 Altheim 预计每年有 950 小时的日照，我们可以产生大约 100 万千瓦时的电力。这相当于 150 个普通家庭的消费量。这使我们每年可以减少排放 500 吨以上的二氧化碳。The new WIEHAG energy concept aims to ensure highest possible self-sufficiency in electricity. For this purpose, we are building a photovoltaic system on the roof of our new hall with an area of around 6,000 m² and an output of around 1 MW. With an expected 950 hours of sunshine per year in Altheim, we can generate around 1 million kWh of electricity. That corresponds to the consumption of 150 average households. This allows us to save more than 500 tonnes of CO2 per year.

一般4-5五年就能收回成本。现在我们的工厂能实现 100% 的能源自足。我们当然也准备了一些汽油作为后备，以防万一。但整体来说，我们已经实现了自给自足的能源模式。It usually pays for itself in 4-5 years. Now we are able to be 100% energy self-sufficient in our plant. We do of course have some gasoline as a back-up in case of emergency. But overall, we have achieved a self-sufficient energy model.